Beyond reasonable doubt - noun. : a doubt especially about the guilt of a criminal defendant that arises or remains upon fair and thorough consideration of the evidence or lack thereof. all persons are presumed to be innocent and no person may be convicted of an offense unless each element of the offense is proved beyond a reasonable doubt Texas Penal Code.

 
beyond reasonable doubt definition: If a legal case or a person's guilt is proved beyond reasonable doubt, there is enough proof for…. Learn more. . Resocontisti e interpreti

Feb 8, 2023 · A reasonable doubt is a doubt based upon reason and common sense—the kind of doubt that would make a reasonable person hesitate to act. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt must, therefore, be proof of such a convincing character that a reasonable person would not hesitate to rely and act upon it in the most important of his own affairs. Beyond a reasonable doubt is the legal burden of proof required to affirm a conviction in a criminal case. In a criminal case, the prosecution bears the burden of proving that the defendant is guilty beyond all reasonable doubt.Jul 27, 2021 · Beyond any reasonable doubt is the highest standard of proof in any courtroom anywhere in the world – this is the standard of proof in every criminal case in our country, whether you are charged with speeding or murder because we must be sure before we take away a person’s freedom, put them in prison, and brand them as a criminal for the ... How to use beyond doubt in a sentence. without question : definitely… See the full definition ... the charges against her must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT is the first book in a new crime series featuring Elliot Rook, QC. Author Gary Bell became a QC himself in 2012 after a previous career of such varied job roles as that of professional chef and music journalist.beyond a reasonable doubt: The standard that must be met by the prosecution's evidence in a criminal prosecution: that no other logical explanation can be derived from the facts except that the defendant committed the crime, thereby overcoming the presumption that a person is innocent until proven guilty. If the jurors or judge have no doubt ... Beyond Reasonable Doubt: With Jon Wright, Craig Thomas Lambert, Roger Ringrose, Laura McMonagle. This series takes viewers inside the world of true crime investigation through high-profile criminal cases of the past century that were ultimately solved by advances in forensic science or technology.Amber Tamblyn as Ella in "Beyond a Reasonable Doubt." Michael Douglas as Mark Hunter in "Beyond a Reasonable Doubt." (L-R) Jesse Metcalfe as C.J. Nicholas and Joel David Moore as Corey Finley in ... Beyond a Reasonable Doubt – The evidence presented by the prosecutor in a criminal trial proves the defendant’s guilt to such a degree that no reasonable doubt could exist in the mind of a rational, reasonable person.beyond a reasonable doubt in criminal law. clear and convincing evidence in fraud in will disputes. preponderance of the evidence in most civil cases. probable cause in the acquisition of a warrant or arrest proceeding. reasonable belief as part of establishing probable cause. reasonable suspicion in cases involving police stop and searches.How to use beyond doubt in a sentence. without question : definitely… See the full definition ... the charges against her must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.How to use beyond doubt in a sentence. without question : definitely… See the full definition ... the charges against her must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.beyond a reasonable doubt. Beyond a reasonable doubt is the legal burden of proof required to affirm a conviction in a criminal case. In a criminal case, the prosecution bears the burden of proving that the defendant is guilty beyond all reasonable doubt. Proving guilt “beyond a reasonable doubt” refers to the standard of proof the prosecution must meet in a criminal case. The standard of proof is the level of certainty each juror must have before determining that a defendant is guilty of a crime. In practice, it is impossible to precisely define “reasonable doubt.”.Apr 10, 2019 · The three different burdens are proving someone guilty by a preponderance of the evidence, by clear and convincing evidence, or beyond a reasonable doubt. Preponderance of the evidence. Preponderance of the evidence is the burden of proof used in most civil claims. Civil claims are those filed by and against individuals and businesses. Jul 27, 2021 · Beyond any reasonable doubt is the highest standard of proof in any courtroom anywhere in the world – this is the standard of proof in every criminal case in our country, whether you are charged with speeding or murder because we must be sure before we take away a person’s freedom, put them in prison, and brand them as a criminal for the ... Beyond any reasonable doubt is the highest standard of proof in any courtroom anywhere in the world – this is the standard of proof in every criminal case in our country, whether you are charged with speeding or murder because we must be sure before we take away a person’s freedom, put them in prison, and brand them as a criminal for the ...If the accused’s version is reasonably possibly true in substance the court must decide the matter on the acceptance of that version and acquit the accused. [8] In the case of S v Jackson 1998 (1) SACR 470 (SCA) at 476 the court stated as follows: “ Burden is on the State to prove the guilt of an accused beyond reasonable doubt, no more and ...How to use beyond doubt in a sentence. without question : definitely… See the full definition ... the charges against her must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.Aug 7, 2021 · The Crown has the burden of proof. This means that the Crown must prove that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. If the Crown fails to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt, the judge/jury must acquit the defendant. It is not up to the defendant or his or her criminal defence lawyer to prove the defendant’s innocence. Virginia, 24 the Supreme Court said that “ [a] reasonable doubt, at a minimum, is one based on reason.” 25. Another common explanation is that the evidence must persuade the jurors of guilt “to a moral certainty.”. Some federal courts have explicitly rejected the “moral certainty” standard, fearing that the word “certainty ... The phrase “beyond a reasonable doubt ” reflects the highest standard when it comes to burden of proof in a legal trial. When a case must be proved to this standard, it means that if a reasonable person were presented with the evidence, he or she would draw the inescapable conclusion, without any doubt, that the accused was guilty of the crime.Once a jury has determined a person to be guilty “beyond a reasonable doubt,” that person’s fate is almost always sealed. Even the emergence of new evidence, like the evidence of DNA testing ... Apr 6, 2021 · Section 2901.05. |. Burden of proof - reasonable doubt - self-defense. (A) Every person accused of an offense is presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and the burden of proof for all elements of the offense is upon the prosecution. The burden of going forward with the evidence of an affirmative defense, and the burden ... Beyond reasonable doubt, the well known principle of common law has acted like a savior for the guilty. Anybody who is capable of hiring a witty lawyer can go scot-free just by raising a smallest possible doubt. Man is a rational being. Due to this 'rationality' everyone differs drastically from others. The reasonability of his thoughts and ... In criminal trials, judges or jurors have to decide whether the facts described in the indictment are proven beyond a reasonable doubt. However, these decision-makers cannot always imagine every relevant sequence of events—there may be unconceived alternatives. The possibility of unconceived alternatives is an overlooked source of reasonable doubt. I argue that decision-makers should not ...Beyond Reasonable Doubt opens with the recent finding that just 1% of reported rapes lead to a conviction, the lowest rate ever recorded, and at a time when such reports are increasing. Panorama ...Jul 10, 2009 · Commencing a risky game of cat and mouse with Hunter, C.J. frames himself as a murder suspect to catch the corrupt D.A. in the act. Romantically involved with C.J. but unaware of his assignment, assistant D.A. Ella Crystal becomes caught between her boss's political ambitions and C.J.'s dangerous expose. Beyond a Reasonable Doubt is a 2009 American crime thriller film written and directed by Peter Hyams, starring Michael Douglas, Jesse Metcalfe and Amber Tamblyn. Based on Fritz Lang 's 1956 film of the same name , it was Hyams' second reimagining of an RKO property after 1990's Narrow Margin . [2] Guilty, Beyond a Reasonable Doubt. A prosecutor should prove that the defendant is guilty of the crime for which he or she has been accused “beyond a reasonable doubt”. This means that the proposition, scenario, or facts presented by the prosecution must be proven to the jury or judge to the extent that there could be “no reasonable doubt ...3.02 Presumption of Innocence; Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt. It is a cardinal principle of our system of justice that every person accused of a crime is presumed to be innocent unless and until his or her guilt is established beyond a reasonable doubt. The presumption is not a mere formality. It is a matter of the most important substance. Beyond reasonable doubt, the well known principle of common law has acted like a savior for the guilty. Anybody who is capable of hiring a witty lawyer can go scot-free just by raising a smallest possible doubt. Man is a rational being. Due to this 'rationality' everyone differs drastically from others. The reasonability of his thoughts and ...The question the reviewing court is to ask itself is not whether it believes the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, but whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.8 ... Beyond a reasonable doubt is the standard of proof that applies in criminal matters. It is a higher standard than ‘on the balance of probabilities’, which is the standard of proof for civil matters.Generally, the prosecution has the burden of proving every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. But while a defendant isn't required to prove innocence in order to avoid conviction, the prosecution also doesn't have to prove guilt to the point of absolute certainty. And despite the general rule that the prosecution bears the burden of ...Feb 15, 2021 · Reasonable doubt is based on reason and common sense arising from the condition of the evidence. Proving a crime beyond a reasonable doubt leaves the court firmly convinced of the accused’s guilt. The proof must provide evidentiary certainty, although not necessarily absolute or mathematical certainty. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt may ... Apr 10, 2019 · The three different burdens are proving someone guilty by a preponderance of the evidence, by clear and convincing evidence, or beyond a reasonable doubt. Preponderance of the evidence. Preponderance of the evidence is the burden of proof used in most civil claims. Civil claims are those filed by and against individuals and businesses. A reasonable doubt is a doubt based upon reason and common sense—the kind of doubt that would make a reasonable person hesitate to act. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt must, therefore, be proof of such a convincing character that a reasonable person would not hesitate to rely and act upon it in the most important of his own affairs.BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT - Cambridge English Dictionary Meaning of beyond a reasonable doubt in English beyond a reasonable doubt phrase US (UK beyond reasonable doubt) Add to word list If a legal case or a person's guilt is proved beyond a reasonable doubt, there is enough proof for the person accused of a crime to be judged guilty: reasonable doubt: A standard of proof that must be surpassed to convict an accused in a criminal proceeding. Reasonable doubt is a standard of proof used in criminal trials. When a criminal defendant is prosecuted, the prosecutor must prove the defendant's guilt Beyond a Reasonable Doubt . If the jury—or the judge in a bench trial—has a ...5 theprosecutionissuccessfulindischargingtheinitialbutheavy burden,thentheonusshiftsontheaccusedtocounterthesameFeb 25, 2010 · The first principle is that the guilt of the accused must be proved by the State and that the onus rests on the State to prove the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt. In the matter of S v T 2005 (2) SACR 318 (E), at paragraph 37, I had occasion to say the following of the importance of this principle: ‘ The State is required, when ... The phrase 'beyond reasonable doubt' has been used in English courtrooms for more than two centuries. In recent decades, judges have told jurors that it means the same as being sure.A reasonable doubt is a doubt based upon reason and common sense—the kind of doubt that would make a reasonable person hesitate to act. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt must, therefore, be proof of such a convincing character that a reasonable person would not hesitate to rely and act upon it in the most important of his own affairs.Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is the highest standard of proof possible. Because a person’s liberty is at stake, this high standard is required by the American judicial system. Other standards of proof apply to different types of cases. For example, some proceedings may only require “clear and convincing” evidence.noun. : a doubt especially about the guilt of a criminal defendant that arises or remains upon fair and thorough consideration of the evidence or lack thereof. all persons are presumed to be innocent and no person may be convicted of an offense unless each element of the offense is proved beyond a reasonable doubt Texas Penal Code.amount to a sense of being morally certain beyond any reasonable doubt, i.e. in favor of the prosecutor's contention." 7 Simon Greenleaf also re-ferred to reasonable doubt in describing the amount of proof re-quired in a criminal case, stating that facts are proven by satisfactory evidence which is "that amount of proof... 5 theprosecutionissuccessfulindischargingtheinitialbutheavy burden,thentheonusshiftsontheaccusedtocounterthesame The other is “beyond a reasonable doubt”. This is used in criminal trials. The state must prove the defendant is guilty “beyond a reasonable doubt”. In that case, if I as prosecutor can show the defendant is 51% likely to be guilty, that isn’t good enough to convict. I have to show there is no “reasonable doubt” as to their guilt. Generally, the prosecution has the burden of proving every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. But while a defendant isn't required to prove innocence in order to avoid conviction, the prosecution also doesn't have to prove guilt to the point of absolute certainty. And despite the general rule that the prosecution bears the burden of ...Beyond a reasonable doubt means that the evidence is such that the trier of fact can conclude with virtual certainty that the defendant committed the alleged offense. That does not necessarily mean that all doubt is erased, but no other reasonable explanation exists based on the proof provided. It is the highest burden of proof in a legal ...How to use beyond doubt in a sentence. without question : definitely… See the full definition ... the charges against her must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. of guilt beyond reasonable doubt. 50. In the United States federal jurisdictions, beyond reasonable doubt. is defined as being “firmly convinced” of the defendant’s guilt. 51. In a study ...The criminal standard in Australia is beyond reasonable doubt. All indictable Commonwealth offences, defined as offences carrying a term of imprisonment in excess of 12 months; are constitutionally required to be trials by jury. Juries are required to make findings of guilt at the 'beyond reasonable doubt' standard for criminal matters. Feb 8, 2023 · A reasonable doubt is a doubt based upon reason and common sense—the kind of doubt that would make a reasonable person hesitate to act. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt must, therefore, be proof of such a convincing character that a reasonable person would not hesitate to rely and act upon it in the most important of his own affairs. Sec. 2.01. PROOF BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT. All persons are presumed to be innocent and no person may be convicted of an offense unless each element of the offense is proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The fact that he has been arrested, confined, or indicted for, or otherwise charged with, the offense gives rise to no inference of guilt at his ... Reasonable Doubt v. Balance of Probability. In common law, two separate standards of proof are recognized- proof beyond reasonable doubt and proof based on the balance of probabilities. The former is he standard adopted while dealing with criminal cases while the latter is the standard in use in case of civil suits. [1]Beyond a Reasonable Doubt doesn't add up to much more than proof that Fritz Lang's best years were definitely behind him. The premise of an author setting himself up to be framed for murder to ...How to use beyond doubt in a sentence. without question : definitely… See the full definition ... the charges against her must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Generally, the prosecution has the burden of proving every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. But while a defendant isn't required to prove innocence in order to avoid conviction, the prosecution also doesn't have to prove guilt to the point of absolute certainty. And despite the general rule that the prosecution bears the burden of ... Jul 31, 2015 · Where the prosecution bears the legal burden the standard of proof is beyond reasonable doubt, unless another standard of proof is specified: Criminal Code (Cth) s 13.2. [16] Where the defendant bears the legal burden the standard of proof is the balance of probabilities: Ibid s 13.5. [17] R v DPP; Ex parte Kebilene [2000] 2 AC 326, 378–79. [18] Beyond a Reasonable Doubt is a 2009 American crime thriller film written and directed by Peter Hyams, starring Michael Douglas, Jesse Metcalfe and Amber Tamblyn. Based on Fritz Lang 's 1956 film of the same name , it was Hyams' second reimagining of an RKO property after 1990's Narrow Margin . [2] The assailed Decision of the Court of Appeals affirmed with modification (by increasing the duration of the penalty) the Decision 2 dated November 15, 2002 of the Regional Trial Court, Quezon City, which found Nilo Macayan, Jr. (Macayan) guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of robbery. In the Information dated February 20, 2001, Macayan ... Generally, the prosecution has the burden of proving every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. But while a defendant isn't required to prove innocence in order to avoid conviction, the prosecution also doesn't have to prove guilt to the point of absolute certainty. And despite the general rule that the prosecution bears the burden of ...Beyond a reasonable doubt is the highest standard of proof used in any court of law and is widely accepted around the world. It is used exclusively in criminal cases because the consequences of...The standard of proof in a criminal trial gives the prosecutor a much greater burden than the plaintiff in a civil trial. The defendant must be found guilty “beyond a reasonable doubt,” which means the evidence must be so strong that there is no reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime. PretrialJun 4, 2014 · Definitions have included: (1) A reasonable doubt is a doubt based on reason and common sense after a careful and impartial consideration of all the evidence in a case. (2) It is the kind of doubt that would make a reasonable person hesitate to act in the most important of his own affairs. (3) It must be proof of such a convincing character ... guilt. Each witness testified as I explained and we have established the following facts beyond a reasonable doubt: 1) that on the evening of March 2nd, the defendant did intentionally strike the victim, 3) that the instrument used was a deadly weapon, and 3) that the defendant acted without self-defense. Feb 15, 2021 · Reasonable doubt is based on reason and common sense arising from the condition of the evidence. Proving a crime beyond a reasonable doubt leaves the court firmly convinced of the accused’s guilt. The proof must provide evidentiary certainty, although not necessarily absolute or mathematical certainty. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt may ... The Supreme Court suggested that the concept of proof beyond a reasonable doubt should be explained to juries as follows: [11] The standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt is inextricably intertwined with that principle fundamental to all... The burden of proof rests on the prosecution throughout ... Beyond a reasonable doubt means that the evidence is such that the trier of fact can conclude with virtual certainty that the defendant committed the alleged offense. That does not necessarily mean that all doubt is erased, but no other reasonable explanation exists based on the proof provided. It is the highest burden of proof in a legal ...Beyond Reasonable Doubt: With Jon Wright, Craig Thomas Lambert, Roger Ringrose, Laura McMonagle. This series takes viewers inside the world of true crime investigation through high-profile criminal cases of the past century that were ultimately solved by advances in forensic science or technology. Beyond a Reasonable Doubt is a 1956 American film noir legal drama directed by Fritz Lang and written by Douglas Morrow. The film stars Dana Andrews, Joan Fontaine, Sidney Blackmer, and Arthur Franz. It was Lang's second film for producer Bert E. Friedlob, and the last American film he directed.Beyond a Reasonable Doubt – The evidence presented by the prosecutor in a criminal trial proves the defendant’s guilt to such a degree that no reasonable doubt could exist in the mind of a rational, reasonable person.Sec. 2.01. PROOF BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT. All persons are presumed to be innocent and no person may be convicted of an offense unless each element of the offense is proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The fact that he has been arrested, confined, or indicted for, or otherwise charged with, the offense gives rise to no inference of guilt at his ... A presumption of innocence means that any defendant in a criminal trial is assumed to be innocent until they have been proven guilty. As such, a prosecutor is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the person committed the crime if that person is to be convicted. To do so, proof must be shown for every single element of a crime. Beyond a reasonable doubt means that the evidence is such that the trier of fact can conclude with virtual certainty that the defendant committed the alleged offense. That does not necessarily mean that all doubt is erased, but no other reasonable explanation exists based on the proof provided. It is the highest burden of proof in a legal ...The standard of proof in a criminal trial gives the prosecutor a much greater burden than the plaintiff in a civil trial. The defendant must be found guilty “beyond a reasonable doubt,” which means the evidence must be so strong that there is no reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime. Pretrial

proven “beyond a reasonable doubt.”1 To be sure, the phrase “reasonable doubt” does not actually appear anywhere in the Constitution. In fact, the Supreme Court has expressed the view that the reasonable doubt rule only “crystalliz[ed] . . . as late as 1798.”2 Nevertheless, in 1970 the Court read the familiar standard of proof into our . Operation seraph

beyond reasonable doubt

amount to a sense of being morally certain beyond any reasonable doubt, i.e. in favor of the prosecutor's contention." 7 Simon Greenleaf also re-ferred to reasonable doubt in describing the amount of proof re-quired in a criminal case, stating that facts are proven by satisfactory evidence which is "that amount of proof...If a legal case or a person's guilt is proved beyond reasonable doubt, there is enough proof for the person accused of a crime to be judged guilty: Her guilt was established beyond reasonable doubt. The state has not been able to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt. Prosectors have to show beyond reasonable doubt that the accused intended to ...Apr 17th, 2023. Onyx Collective and ABC Signature announced a season two renewal for Hulu Original drama series "Reasonable Doubt," from executive producers Raamla Mohamed, Kerry Washington and Larry Wilmore. Morris Chestnut ("The Best Man") has been served to join the sophomore season, alongside series regulars Emayatzy Corinealdi, McKinley ...Beyond a Reasonable Doubt doesn't add up to much more than proof that Fritz Lang's best years were definitely behind him. The premise of an author setting himself up to be framed for murder to ...For webmasters: Close. reasonable doubt. Also found in: Wikipedia . Reasonable Doubt. A standard of proof that must be surpassed to convict an accused in a criminal proceeding. Reasonable doubt is a standard of proof used in criminal trials. When a criminal defendant is prosecuted, the prosecutor must prove the defendant's guilt Beyond a ...The phrase 'beyond reasonable doubt' has been used in English courtrooms for more than two centuries. In recent decades, judges have told jurors that it means the same as being sure.美国刑法中一个非常重要的举证标准是“排除合理的怀疑” (Beyond a Reasonable Doubt),也有人把它说成“超越合理的怀疑范围”,也有人称它为 ...Apr 26, 2020 · During a trial in 2018, the compendium reveals, a jury 'asked exactly such a question' and wanted to know if the standard of proof was '100 per cent certainty' or 'beyond reasonable doubt' and, if ... Generally, the prosecution has the burden of proving every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. But while a defendant isn't required to prove innocence in order to avoid conviction, the prosecution also doesn't have to prove guilt to the point of absolute certainty. And despite the general rule that the prosecution bears the burden of ...Reasonable Doubt v. Balance of Probability. In common law, two separate standards of proof are recognized- proof beyond reasonable doubt and proof based on the balance of probabilities. The former is he standard adopted while dealing with criminal cases while the latter is the standard in use in case of civil suits. [1]Reasonable Doubt: Created by Raamla Mohamed. With Emayatzy Corinealdi, McKinley Freeman, Tim Jo, Angela Grovey. Jax Stewart juggles work, family, friends, and a complicated personal life as a brilliant and fearless defense attorney in Los Angeles who bucks the justice system every chance she gets. Beyond a reasonable doubt is a higher standard of proof used in criminal cases. It requires the prosecution to prove its case to such a degree that no reasonable doubt can be left in the minds of the jury or judge. This standard requires a high level of certainty and ensures that the defendant is not found guilty unless the evidence presented ...reasonable doubt: A standard of proof that must be surpassed to convict an accused in a criminal proceeding. Reasonable doubt is a standard of proof used in criminal trials. When a criminal defendant is prosecuted, the prosecutor must prove the defendant's guilt Beyond a Reasonable Doubt . If the jury—or the judge in a bench trial—has a ... proven “beyond a reasonable doubt.”1 To be sure, the phrase “reasonable doubt” does not actually appear anywhere in the Constitution. In fact, the Supreme Court has expressed the view that the reasonable doubt rule only “crystalliz[ed] . . . as late as 1798.”2 Nevertheless, in 1970 the Court read the familiar standard of proof into our For webmasters: Close. reasonable doubt. Also found in: Wikipedia . Reasonable Doubt. A standard of proof that must be surpassed to convict an accused in a criminal proceeding. Reasonable doubt is a standard of proof used in criminal trials. When a criminal defendant is prosecuted, the prosecutor must prove the defendant's guilt Beyond a ... Jul 10, 2009 · Commencing a risky game of cat and mouse with Hunter, C.J. frames himself as a murder suspect to catch the corrupt D.A. in the act. Romantically involved with C.J. but unaware of his assignment, assistant D.A. Ella Crystal becomes caught between her boss's political ambitions and C.J.'s dangerous expose. Monthly price. $7.99/mo. $14.99/mo. Streaming Library with tons of TV episodes and movies. Most new episodes the day after they air†. Access to award-winning Hulu Originals. Watch on your favorite devices, including TV, laptop, phone, or tablet. Up to 6 user profiles. Watch on 2 different screens at the same time.3.02 Presumption of Innocence; Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt. It is a cardinal principle of our system of justice that every person accused of a crime is presumed to be innocent unless and until his or her guilt is established beyond a reasonable doubt. The presumption is not a mere formality. It is a matter of the most important substance..

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